Lamb as a personal essayest

 Charles Lamb was one of the greatest essayists of the 19th century. He has rightly been called the “Prince of English Essayist”. His essays reflect the subjective elements . Lamb stands at the head of personal essayists and the study of his essays reveals not only the delightful essayists but also his relatives and friends. Like Montaigne, the essays of Lamb are personal and autobiographical. They are egoistical. They are subjective in character.

Fact and fiction were cleverly blended in the essays of Lamb. As a personal essayist, Lamb is known for the “Essays of Elia”. The essay Elia was published in The London Magazine in 1820-1823. The last essays of Elia were published in 1833.

The subject of the Essays of Elia is Lamb himself. In all of them, he makes some reference to himself. And the personal "I" so abound in his essays that readers are sometimes fretted, although some critics consider that use as an extra charm of Lamb's essays. In almost all the essays, he talks about himself, his family, relatives, and friends. From these essays, we come to know about his personality, nature, and character which are revealed by himself. 

We also come to know about his relatives and friends. In the essay "The South Sea House”, he writes about his colleagues and gives the readers a very clear view of them. Similarly, In "Christ's Hospital", he tells about his relatives and friends. Some of his relatives and friends lived in London and who were, no doubt, very caring to him. They used to bring delicious food for him   

So, considering the subject matter of his essays, it can be said that a large portion of Lamb's biography can be written from his essays and thereby making him a great personal essayist.

The Stream of consciousness technique

 The phrase  "Stream of consciousness" 

 first used by William James in his principles of psychology(1890). It's also known as interior monologue. It is a literary technique largely used by 20th-century fiction writers.

The Stream of consciousness novel existence to knew psychological ideas that emphasized the multiplicity of consciousness and subconsciousness in which past experience was retained and by whose retention the whole of personality was coloured and determined.

Stream of consciousness technique enables the writer to portray the inner status of a character in an effective and convincing way. In this way, the author takes the reader inside the mind of the character to follow his or her thought patterns.

Stream of consciousness often presents rapid shifts in the character’s thought processes, such as memories, feelings, etc, by means of flashback and foreshadowing. That means the characters’ mind is shifted from one position to another seemingly discontinuous one so that the audience needs to draw an inference about their connection and also about the upcoming twists. In this way the author is able to retain the reader’s interest till the end of the text.

Stream-of-consciousness technique sometimes contributes to the overall development of the plot.

Example: 

  -  James Joyce's

 Ulysses (1922)

A portrait of the Artist as a young man (1916)

    - Virginia Woolf's       

 Mrs. Dalloway  (1925) 

To the light house

- D.H. Lawrence's 

Sons and Lovers (1913)

The white peacock

Digital World: https://youtube.com/@digitalworld321

Reform Act 1832

 Reform Act 1832 

 The Representation of the people acts 1832 (commonly known as the Reform Act 1832). The Act was a major political development in the 19th century.

In 1882 parliament passed a law changing the British electoral system. This was a response to many years of people criticizing the electoral System as unfair.

For example, there were constituencies with only a handful of voters that Elected two mp to the parliament.

 As the 19th century, progressed and the memory of the violent French Revolution there was growing acceptance that some parliamentary reform was Nessasasry.

The great reform Act introduced some revolutionary changes in the Representative system and Franchise systems of England. In the constitutional history of England, it proved to be an event of a significant act because it shook up the roots of ancient conventions. 

First Bill was presented to the British parliament in 1831.The Tory prime minister in 1830 Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington was resolutely opposed to parliamentary reform. When the Tory Government was expelled later in 1830, Earl Grey a whig become prime minister and promise to carry out parliamentary reform. The unequal distribution of seats, the extension  of the franchise, and rotten boroughs were all issues to be addressed. 

A range of factors determined whether you were eligible to send an mp to parliament at all. For a vote, including whether you lived in a country brought and whether they are eligible to send an mp to parliament.

In a few places, all men Could vote, but in the vast majority of locations, it depended on whether you owned property or paid certain taxes. As a result of the industrial revolution, many cities such as Manchester Sheffield, and Birmingham. which has become popular, as an Industrial center, but had no representative of their own in parliament. Sometimes there Were, notorious, rotten  boroughs, that had two MPs but only Seven voters. There were. also, pocket boroughs are owned by major leadership who chose their own mp. Moreover no secret ballot.

A range of factors, including the popular campaign by Birmingham's political union, caused many people to be to realize that change was necessary. The prime minister at the time the Duck of wellington defiant against reform, but he was forced out of office. King William IV the Whig, Earl Gray to form an administration and he used his position to ensure reform of the electoral system resulting reform Bill through the parliament that was extremely tough and it's being finally passed in 1832 it was the only result of public unrest and Earl Gray's resignation.

B.A 3rd sem previous year question papers solved

Question A

 Name the inn in which the pilgrims in Chaucer's The Prologue assembled.

Answer is the Tabard Inn

Question B

Name the epic written by Spenser

Answer isThe Faerie Queene (1590).

 Question c

 Dash is called the Bard of Avon.

Answer is Shakespeare

(Fill in the blank)

Question d

Who is known to have said of Donne that he 'affects the metaphysics"?

Answer is John Dryden

Question e

 One of the most popular dramatists associated with the comedy of Humours is dash. 

 Fill in the blank

Answer is playwright Ben Jonson

 Question f

 Name the king who was restored in 1660 after the collapse of the Commonwealth.

Answer is Charles 2

Question G

Name any two important 18th Century. novelists.

Answer is Daniel Defoe,and Robinson Crusoe

Question H 

What is the elegy on Keats written by Shelley called?

Answer is Adonais

Question I

Which school was also known as the Fleshly School of Poetry in the Victorian

Answer is Pre-Raphaelite school.

Question j

Thomas Hardy wrote his novel, Far from the Madding Crowd in 1864.

(Write True or False )

Answer is false because Far from the Madding Crowd in 1874

Question k

Who wrote Look Back in Anger?

 Answer is John Osborne.

Question L

 The term 'Stream of Consciousness' was first coined by dash

(Fill in the blank)

Answer is The term was first used by the psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology (1890). 

Question M

Which novel by E. M. Forster deals with the relationship between the British and the Indians?

Answer is A Passage to India

I have Answered all of the following questions: each question carry 2 marks

Question a 

Define sonnet. What are the differences between Shakespearean and Petrarchan sonnets?

Answer is 

the sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, 

The major differences between Petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnets are the structure and rhyme scheme. Petrarchan sonnets, named after 13th Century Italian poet Petrarch, consist of fourteen lines grouped in two major sections: first, an "octave" of eight lines, followed by a "sestet" of six lines. The octave is written in the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA, while the sestet is written in the rhyme scheme CDECDE.

The Shakespearean sonnet, like the Petrarchan sonnet, is written in fourteen lines. However, its lines are broken up into three "quatrains" (i.e. groups of four lines), followed by a two-line "couplet" at the end. The three quatrains will usually follow the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF, while the couplet at the end will follow the rhyme scheme GG.

(b) State the functions of 'entries' and 'exits' in a drama.

Check my Teligram link for this answer

Question c is actually Match Column-A with Column-B:

So here we can see some famous works and we have choose the correct author.

(1) The Waste Land is written by T. S. Eliot

(2) The Way of the World is written by William Congreve

(3) The Alchemist is written by 

Ben Jonson.

(4) The White Devil is written by John Webster

Question d

Name two novels written by Sir Walter Scott.

Answer is Old Mortality and another is 

The Antiquary

Question E

 Name two postcolonial plays produced in India.

 Mention in the comment section

Question F

 Give the names of any two dramatic monologues written by Robert Browning.

Answer is. ‘Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess (1842),

Question G

Mention two poems written by Seamus Heaney.

Answer is Death of a Naturalist’. And Digging

For all the following descriptive questions

I have covered your 3rd sem syllabus

Which link in the description or you can check playlists

If you have any query please feel free to Ask in comment section

Or you can DM me on Instagram

October 18

 

What happened on 18th October in the history
No 1
18 October 1878 – Thomas Alva Edison made electricity available for domestic use.

No 2
18 October 1891 – the first international six-day cycle race started in America started from Madison Square Garden in New York.
No3
18 October 1922 – The British Broadcasting Corporation was established

No 4
18 October 1998 – India and Pakistan agreed to stop nuclear threats.

No 5
1944 Russia Invades Czechoslovakia
No 6
1954 U.S.A. Transistor Radio
No 7
On this day 2011  400,000 Illegal Immigrants Deported

Cetaceans

Do you know?

क्या आप जानते हैं

 Dolphin, Porpoises, and Whales are called Cetaceans. A Cetacean is a creature belonging to a group of water living mammals that have no hind limbs and a blowhole for breathing. They are not fish!

Whales are the largest animals to have ever lived – even larger than any dinosaur!

व्हेल अब तक के सबसे बड़े जानवर हैं - किसी भी डायनासोर से भी बड़े! ...

what happened on October 15th in history?

 

No 1. 

World Food Day

World Food Day is celebrated every year on 16 October to inspire people about healthy diets.

No 2 

National Boss Day or Boss's Day is celebrated on 16 October to appreciate the work of their employers. 

No 3

World Spine Day

It is observed on 16 October to highlight the burden of spinal pain and disability around the world.

No 4 

 World Anaesthesia Day

No 5 

On October 16, 1964, China successfully exploded its first atomic bomb. 

No 6

The Million Man March was a large gathering of African-American men in Washington, D.C., on October 16, 1995. 

No 7

On 16 October 1951 Prime Minister of Pakistan Assassinated

In this day in 

Department Store Day

Global Cat Day

National Dictionary Day

National Liqueur Day

National Sports Day

On going a journey

 Introduction: 

The essay "On going a journey" is written by William Hazlitt(1778-1830). Regarded as one of the greatest critics and essayists of English literature. Like Lamb Hazlitt wrote the personal essay as a profession and was serious about it.

Most of Hazlitt's essays are found to be subjective. His essay is about self-revelation and reminiscence, he revealed his own personality. Hazlitt himself says "I myself on the subject of my book. 

Q  no 1. What are his ideas about Going on a journey and what does he value most in the course of the journey?

Or 

Q.no 2 

Discuss Hazlitt as an essayist with reference to "on Going a Journey.

Q. No 3

What are the adventures of traveling alone?  Consider "On Going a journey alone? Or

Q.no 4

Consider On Going a journey as an instance of Romantic travelogue writing

Hazlitt, essay “On Going a Journey” advocates the benefits of solo(single) travel within one own country or to a place of natural beauty. His affection for travel is very strong. He calls “Going on a journey” one of the most pleasantest things in the world. Hazlitt stresses that solitude while on a journey is a must saying “Nature is company enough for me, I am never less alone when alone.” According to Hazlitt, one can enjoy society in a room but out of doors nature should be the companion for a traveler.

Hazlitt insists that sharing the experience of nature with a companion takes away from the sensory experience of it. He says, “I cannot see the wit of walking and talk at the same time”. He believes conversation distracts from the scenery and that nature does not need to be discussed. It is only to be experienced. To tell about the scene while experiencing it diminishes it and takes away from it the immediate beauty. Everyone has their own unique experience of nature and seeing each experience is personal, it is futile to compare experiences.

Hazlitt seeks freedom from their fellow when he is on a journey. ‘The soul of a journey is the liberty to think, feel, and do just as one pleases.” When experiencing nature in solitude one can able to appreciate it to its full extent by becoming a part of nature. A Journey should be a time of freedom and awareness of all things associated with daily routine, professional interest, or with city life. When traveling alone one is a creature of the moment, free of all ties. A journey can provide a little breathing space to refresh and revitalize a person. When on a journey Hazlitt says that he begins “to feel, think and be me again.” He finds joy in life in living close to nature.

Hazlitt’s language in this essay describes the experience as being emotional, like a return to the innocent of childhood. The freedom found in nature comes from being away from the people and allowing the mind to rest. It is the silence that gives Hazlitt relief. In a selfish way, he says, “I like to have it all my own way and this is impossible unless you are alone.” 

Another reason for Hazlitt’s preference for solitude stems from his belief that it is affected by attempts to speak about the scenery in any way that could do justice unless you are a poet. He claims that Coleridge would possibly travel with a companion because Coleridge has the ability to articulate his surroundings. Hazlitt does not possess such an ability.

Q. When would Hazlitt welcome the company of a friend on a journey or why?

However, one subject which provides pleasing conversation in the course of a journey and that is the discussion regarding food, a humorous side of Hazlitt is revealed in his belief and one must share in a journey with someone, it is best not to discuss the natural landscape but rather to discuss what you eat that night. Also, Hazlitt asserts that a stranger is always a better companion than a friend. In most cases, they are part of the scene like an innkeeper the gypsies, a peasant, etc. 

According to Hazlitt, all types of journeys should not be undertaken individually. When one goes to see ruins or historical places it is profitable to have company. It is because these expeditions are more fruitful when one is well-informed about ancient history and this is only possible through possession of dialogue and discussion. There is another situation when a companion can make a journey fruitful and enjoyable that is when one is venturing into a foreign land.

An interesting aspect of this essay is that Hazlitt uses his own experience as a traveler to sustain his argument. The essay can be viewed as an interesting intense of romantic travel literature. Hazlitt was a part of the core group of English romantic writers in the 19th century and his perspective represents the temperament and sensibility of a mind whose imagination coupled with reason, looked at the issue of travel from both the practical and literary stands points. “On going a journey” presents an interesting perspective on the subject of travel in the early 19th century. Hazlitt projected the theme in the essay that one should devote himself entirely during a journey. This could only be achieved in a true mood of good thinking and love for nature. As we all are aware that we cannot do two things at the same time so when traveling we should enjoy our purpose at the highest level.

what happened on October 15th in history?

 No 1. World Students Day

World Students' Day is observed annually on October 15. The day commemorates the birthday of former Indian president Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was born on October 15, 1931,

No 2.

Global Handwashing Day

No3. 

World White Cane Day (guiding the blind)

No 4

Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day

No 4

International Day of Rural Women

National day(India) 

National Whole Hog Barbecue Day

• National Aesthetician Day

• National Cheese Curd Day

National I Love Lucy Day

• National Grouch Day

• National Latino AIDS Awareness Day

National Sweetest Day - Third

Saturday in October

Final conference on Antarctic Treaty

On this day in 1959 a final conference on the Antarctic Treaty convened in Washington, D.C., and, after six weeks of negotiations, the treaty was signed by 12 countries, preserving the continent for free scientific study.

what happened on October 14th in history?

 what happened on October 14th in history?

No 1. World Standards Day:

Each year on 14 October, the members of the IEC, ISO and ITU celebrate World Standards Day,

No 2.

World Egg Day

World Egg Day is observed annually on the second Friday of October. This year World Egg Day is on October 14.

No 3. 

National Dessert Day

Every year on October 14, National Dessert day is observed. This is your cheat day to enjoy what you love the most - Desserts!

No4.

Indian social reformer B.R. Ambedkar and 500,000 supporters convert to Buddhism in Nagpur

No 5. born on October 14,

1884 Lala Har Dayal Singh Mathur

Bahadur Shah I. 1643

No5.

Battle of Hastings

At the Battle of Hastings, fought this day in

 1066,

 No6. 

In 1964 this day : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 

Ozymandias BY PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY

Ozymandias 

BY PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY

I met a traveller from an antique land,

Who said—“Two vast and trunkless legs of stone

Stand in the desert. . . . Near them, on the sand,

Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,

And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,

Tell that its sculptor well those passions read

Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,

The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;

And on the pedestal, these words appear:

My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;

Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!

Nothing beside remains. Round the decay

Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare

The lone and level sands stretch far away.”

Source: Shelley’s Poetry and Prose (1977)