Lamb as a personal essayest

 Charles Lamb was one of the greatest essayists of the 19th century. He has rightly been called the “Prince of English Essayist”. His essays reflect the subjective elements . Lamb stands at the head of personal essayists and the study of his essays reveals not only the delightful essayists but also his relatives and friends. Like Montaigne, the essays of Lamb are personal and autobiographical. They are egoistical. They are subjective in character.

Fact and fiction were cleverly blended in the essays of Lamb. As a personal essayist, Lamb is known for the “Essays of Elia”. The essay Elia was published in The London Magazine in 1820-1823. The last essays of Elia were published in 1833.

The subject of the Essays of Elia is Lamb himself. In all of them, he makes some reference to himself. And the personal "I" so abound in his essays that readers are sometimes fretted, although some critics consider that use as an extra charm of Lamb's essays. In almost all the essays, he talks about himself, his family, relatives, and friends. From these essays, we come to know about his personality, nature, and character which are revealed by himself. 

We also come to know about his relatives and friends. In the essay "The South Sea House”, he writes about his colleagues and gives the readers a very clear view of them. Similarly, In "Christ's Hospital", he tells about his relatives and friends. Some of his relatives and friends lived in London and who were, no doubt, very caring to him. They used to bring delicious food for him   

So, considering the subject matter of his essays, it can be said that a large portion of Lamb's biography can be written from his essays and thereby making him a great personal essayist.

The Stream of consciousness technique

 The phrase  "Stream of consciousness" 

 first used by William James in his principles of psychology(1890). It's also known as interior monologue. It is a literary technique largely used by 20th-century fiction writers.

The Stream of consciousness novel existence to knew psychological ideas that emphasized the multiplicity of consciousness and subconsciousness in which past experience was retained and by whose retention the whole of personality was coloured and determined.

Stream of consciousness technique enables the writer to portray the inner status of a character in an effective and convincing way. In this way, the author takes the reader inside the mind of the character to follow his or her thought patterns.

Stream of consciousness often presents rapid shifts in the character’s thought processes, such as memories, feelings, etc, by means of flashback and foreshadowing. That means the characters’ mind is shifted from one position to another seemingly discontinuous one so that the audience needs to draw an inference about their connection and also about the upcoming twists. In this way the author is able to retain the reader’s interest till the end of the text.

Stream-of-consciousness technique sometimes contributes to the overall development of the plot.

Example: 

  -  James Joyce's

 Ulysses (1922)

A portrait of the Artist as a young man (1916)

    - Virginia Woolf's       

 Mrs. Dalloway  (1925) 

To the light house

- D.H. Lawrence's 

Sons and Lovers (1913)

The white peacock

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Reform Act 1832

 Reform Act 1832 

 The Representation of the people acts 1832 (commonly known as the Reform Act 1832). The Act was a major political development in the 19th century.

In 1882 parliament passed a law changing the British electoral system. This was a response to many years of people criticizing the electoral System as unfair.

For example, there were constituencies with only a handful of voters that Elected two mp to the parliament.

 As the 19th century, progressed and the memory of the violent French Revolution there was growing acceptance that some parliamentary reform was Nessasasry.

The great reform Act introduced some revolutionary changes in the Representative system and Franchise systems of England. In the constitutional history of England, it proved to be an event of a significant act because it shook up the roots of ancient conventions. 

First Bill was presented to the British parliament in 1831.The Tory prime minister in 1830 Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington was resolutely opposed to parliamentary reform. When the Tory Government was expelled later in 1830, Earl Grey a whig become prime minister and promise to carry out parliamentary reform. The unequal distribution of seats, the extension  of the franchise, and rotten boroughs were all issues to be addressed. 

A range of factors determined whether you were eligible to send an mp to parliament at all. For a vote, including whether you lived in a country brought and whether they are eligible to send an mp to parliament.

In a few places, all men Could vote, but in the vast majority of locations, it depended on whether you owned property or paid certain taxes. As a result of the industrial revolution, many cities such as Manchester Sheffield, and Birmingham. which has become popular, as an Industrial center, but had no representative of their own in parliament. Sometimes there Were, notorious, rotten  boroughs, that had two MPs but only Seven voters. There were. also, pocket boroughs are owned by major leadership who chose their own mp. Moreover no secret ballot.

A range of factors, including the popular campaign by Birmingham's political union, caused many people to be to realize that change was necessary. The prime minister at the time the Duck of wellington defiant against reform, but he was forced out of office. King William IV the Whig, Earl Gray to form an administration and he used his position to ensure reform of the electoral system resulting reform Bill through the parliament that was extremely tough and it's being finally passed in 1832 it was the only result of public unrest and Earl Gray's resignation.

B.A 3rd sem previous year question papers solved

Question A

 Name the inn in which the pilgrims in Chaucer's The Prologue assembled.

Answer is the Tabard Inn

Question B

Name the epic written by Spenser

Answer isThe Faerie Queene (1590).

 Question c

 Dash is called the Bard of Avon.

Answer is Shakespeare

(Fill in the blank)

Question d

Who is known to have said of Donne that he 'affects the metaphysics"?

Answer is John Dryden

Question e

 One of the most popular dramatists associated with the comedy of Humours is dash. 

 Fill in the blank

Answer is playwright Ben Jonson

 Question f

 Name the king who was restored in 1660 after the collapse of the Commonwealth.

Answer is Charles 2

Question G

Name any two important 18th Century. novelists.

Answer is Daniel Defoe,and Robinson Crusoe

Question H 

What is the elegy on Keats written by Shelley called?

Answer is Adonais

Question I

Which school was also known as the Fleshly School of Poetry in the Victorian

Answer is Pre-Raphaelite school.

Question j

Thomas Hardy wrote his novel, Far from the Madding Crowd in 1864.

(Write True or False )

Answer is false because Far from the Madding Crowd in 1874

Question k

Who wrote Look Back in Anger?

 Answer is John Osborne.

Question L

 The term 'Stream of Consciousness' was first coined by dash

(Fill in the blank)

Answer is The term was first used by the psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology (1890). 

Question M

Which novel by E. M. Forster deals with the relationship between the British and the Indians?

Answer is A Passage to India

I have Answered all of the following questions: each question carry 2 marks

Question a 

Define sonnet. What are the differences between Shakespearean and Petrarchan sonnets?

Answer is 

the sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, 

The major differences between Petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnets are the structure and rhyme scheme. Petrarchan sonnets, named after 13th Century Italian poet Petrarch, consist of fourteen lines grouped in two major sections: first, an "octave" of eight lines, followed by a "sestet" of six lines. The octave is written in the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA, while the sestet is written in the rhyme scheme CDECDE.

The Shakespearean sonnet, like the Petrarchan sonnet, is written in fourteen lines. However, its lines are broken up into three "quatrains" (i.e. groups of four lines), followed by a two-line "couplet" at the end. The three quatrains will usually follow the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF, while the couplet at the end will follow the rhyme scheme GG.

(b) State the functions of 'entries' and 'exits' in a drama.

Check my Teligram link for this answer

Question c is actually Match Column-A with Column-B:

So here we can see some famous works and we have choose the correct author.

(1) The Waste Land is written by T. S. Eliot

(2) The Way of the World is written by William Congreve

(3) The Alchemist is written by 

Ben Jonson.

(4) The White Devil is written by John Webster

Question d

Name two novels written by Sir Walter Scott.

Answer is Old Mortality and another is 

The Antiquary

Question E

 Name two postcolonial plays produced in India.

 Mention in the comment section

Question F

 Give the names of any two dramatic monologues written by Robert Browning.

Answer is. ‘Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess (1842),

Question G

Mention two poems written by Seamus Heaney.

Answer is Death of a Naturalist’. And Digging

For all the following descriptive questions

I have covered your 3rd sem syllabus

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